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Bastian Kohl, Vanessa Granitzka, Amrinder Singh, Pedro Quintas, Elli Xiromeriti, Fabian Mörtel, Peter E. Wright, Gerard Kroon, H. Jane Dyson, Raphael Stoll

• The nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B‐cells (NFκB) transcription factors play a critical role in human immune response. The family includes homodimers and heterodimers of five component proteins, which mediate different transcriptional responses and bind preferentially to different DNA sequences. Crystal structures of DNA complexes show that the dimers of the Rel‐homology regions are structurally very similar. Differing DNA sequence preference together with structural similarity suggests that the dimers may differ in their dynamics. In this study, we present the first near‐complete \(^{15}\)N, \(^{13}\)C\(_{\alpha/\beta}\), and H\(_N\) backbone resonance assignments of two dimers of the dimerization domain (DD) of the NF\(\kappa\)B (p50) protein (residues 241–351): the homodimer of two p50 domains and a heterodimer of the p50 DD with the p65 DD. As expected, the two dimers behave very similarly, with chemical shift differences between them largely concentrated in the dimer interface and attributable to specific differences in the amino acid sequences of p50 and p65. A comparison of the picosecond‐nanosecond dynamics of the homo‐ and heterodimers also shows that the environment of p50 is similar, with an overall slightly reduced correlation time for the homodimer compared to the heterodimer, consistent with its slightly smaller molecular weight. These results demonstrate that NMR spectroscopy can be used to explore subtle changes in structure and dynamics that have the potential to give insights into differences in specificity that can be exploited in the design of new therapeutic agents.